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While these numbers represent imprecise estimates-due to the fact that it is unknown how many forced laborers and military personnel were present in the city and that in many cases entire families were killed, leaving no one to report the deaths-statistics regarding the long term effects have been even more difficult to determine. organization) that between 90,000 and 166,000 people died in Hiroshima, while another 60,000 to 80,000 died in Nagasaki. These deaths include those who died due to the force and excruciating heat of the explosions as well as deaths caused by acute radiation exposure. Guilds often became politically influential as representatives of their respective merchant communities.Within the first few months after the bombing, it is estimated by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (a cooperative Japan-U.S.
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The guild leadership was responsible for setting the prices of the goods made by guild members, regulating the quality and materials of the product, and deciding on who would and could not become a merchant or craftsmen within their guild. These guilds functioned as monopolies over the production and sale of different products. These guilds consisted of merchants and artisans that worked in a particular field or craft. Merchant guilds became powerful across Western Europe.Monarchs would support the development of commerce to obtain additional sources of tax revenue. Partnerships developed between the emerging business class and the monarch.Merchants and business leaders gained power within new local government systems.
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The nobles just wanted to stay home and enjoy their lavish lifestyles, not lead soldiers into battle. Nobles also began to prefer to pay the monarch to hire a private army rather than send troops and join them in battle. New technologies like longbows and cannons meant that well-armored knights on horseback and fortified castle structures were not the most effective fighting tactics. Third, changes in military technologies also lessened the monarchs’ reliance on the knights of the nobility.As more non-agricultural goods were bought and sold and a money economy developed, kings and queens could tax business and merchant activity. Second, growing commercialization in the European economy also meant that the monarchs were not as reliant on the nobles for collecting tax revenue.Many of those who did return had lost substantial sums of money. First, many nobles who led armies to the holy lands during the Crusades never returned.The European nobility also entered a period of steady decline starting in the 13th century.